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The trace element content of 60 topsoil samples and 80 eggplant fruit samples from known eggplant growing areas in Bangladesh was studied using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The study also looked at levels of soil contamination, dietary intake of important micronutrients, and human health risks from toxic metals from exposure to topsoil and eggplant consumption.农田收获的茄子果实中Pb、Ni、Cd、Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn含量范围为0.204~0.729、0.031~0.212、<0.010~0.061、1.819~2.668、3.267~5.910、<分别为0.010–0.866 和2.160–3.846 µg g-1，而Cr 的量可忽略不计。农田收获的茄子果实中Pb、Ni、Cd、Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn含量范围为0.204~0.729、0.031~0.212、<0.010~0.061、1.819~2.668、3.267~5.910、<分别为0.010–0.866 和2.160–3.846 µg g-1，而Cr的量可忽略不计。 The ranges of Pb, Ni, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn in eggplant fruits harvested from agricultural land were 0.204–0.729, 0.031–0.212, <0.010–0.061, 1.819–2.668, 3.267–5.910, <0.010–0.866, and < 0.010-0.866 respectively 2.160-3.846 µg/g with a small amount of Cr. The calculated enrichment factors showed that 70%, 50% and 25% of the soil sampling plots had Pb, Zn and Cd values in the range of 2.00–5.00, respectively, and 30% of the plots had Cd values. > 5.00, indicating a moderate to high concentration of these metals. Significantly enriched in the soil. The study also showed that eggplant consumption provides important micronutrients needed by adults. In terms of estimated incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), the study found that this was due to oral ingestion of eggplant fruit. On the contrary, the effect of soil trace elements on the skin was within acceptable limits. The results of PCA showed that the content of Cd, Pb, Ni and Cu in the soil strongly positively correlates with the presence of these elements in eggplant. The current study recommends future traceability studies to identify potential pathways for toxic elements to enter the vegetable food chain.
Compartments containing trace elements such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) exist in various environments. Some of these metals are considered hazardous to human or animal health (non-base metals) even at low concentrations1. However, some of these metals have some metabolic importance for the biota (basic metals) and become toxic or toxic at higher concentrations (Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn and Ni)2. For example, excessive copper intake has been linked to liver damage3. Ni is an essential component of urease, but is dangerous at higher concentrations. Conversely, Pb and Cd are lethal even at low concentrations and can cause urinary disorders, osteoporosis, high blood cholesterol and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease4. Similarly, excessive dietary intake or inhalation of Cr can lead to dermatitis, skin ulcers, allergic asthmatic reactions, bronchial cancer and gastroenteritis5, while Mn can lead to neurological disorders (manganism), mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation6.
Bangladesh is one of the overpopulated developing countries in Southeast Asia with a population of about 160 million7 people and the presence of various micronutrients in Bangladeshi food has attracted a lot of attention. Food in Bangladesh has been reported to be high in various metals at concentrations sufficient to cause various health problems in humans8,9. The presence of trace elements at field and farm levels as a result of soil contamination and subsequent accumulation in foodstuffs in Bangladesh is very common. Anthropogenic activities such as rapid industrialization and waste disposal, sewage irrigation, sludge application, use of metal-contaminated agrochemicals in soil, and mishandling of food during storage and transportation are considered as metal contamination of soil and food. The main causes of metal accumulation in Bangladesh 10,11,12,13.
Eggplant (Solanum melongena) is a widely used vegetable in our daily diet (7.28 grams per person per day) and is available throughout the year7,14. According to Naim and Ugur,15 dietary consumption of eggplant fruit can meet the high daily requirements of adults for vitamins, minerals, and phenolic compounds. However, many studies at home and abroad have shown that vegetables such as potatoes, eggplant, konjac, amaranth, radish, okra and cauliflower are prone to metal accumulation16,17.
Eggplant is the second most important vegetable in Bangladesh in summer (9.6% of total vegetable production) and winter (4.7% of total vegetable production), according to the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. Jamalpur district is one of the largest eggplant producing areas in Bangladesh, accounting for about 8.5% of the total production in the country, while Islampur Upazila has the highest level of eggplant production (60.4% of the total production) fourteen.
The nutritional qualities and value of eggplant have been well studied. However, no confirmatory study of micronutrient status in eggplant soil and edible parts of eggplant has been conducted in the Jamalpur district of Bangladesh. In addition, most of the previous studies on soil contamination in Bangladesh by various metals have focused on measuring contamination levels, while ignoring the assessment of potential human health risks from skin exposure to these metals. Thus, the objectives of this study were to (i) determine the concentrations of various trace elements (Pb, Ni, Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn and Zn) in the topsoil and fruits of eggplants harvested from two densely grown Upazila in the Jamalpur region. , Bangladesh, (ii) assessed levels of soil contamination, (iii) compared measured dietary micronutrient intake for important nutrients with Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) and (iv) assessed carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic human health risks Eggplant oral consumption skin contact with soil for eggplant cultivation in Jamalpur district, Bangladesh.
As shown in Figure 1, two well-known growers of Upazila eggplant, Islampur and Melandha in the Jamalpur district of Bangladesh, were selected, 11 and 9 locations respectively representing areas of intensive cultivation. Three (3) pieces of topsoil (15 cm deep) and four (4) pieces of eggplant fruit were taken directly from the same spot in the field. Thus, a total of 60 (20 × 3) soil samples and 80 (20 × 4) eggplant fruit samples were processed in this study. Sampling was done as mentioned by Tandon18.
Map showing soil and eggplant sampling sites in Merandagar and Upazila farmland, Islampur, Jamalpur district, Bangladesh.
In December 2020, soil and eggplant samples were taken directly from the same spot in a farmer’s field. The samples are then placed in sealed ziplock bags with a unique code and placed in a freezer to keep them cold. Finally, all collected samples were taken to the Plant Nutrition and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory of the Department of Agrochemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) for further processing and chemical analysis. After homogenization, eggplant and soil samples were first air-dried and then dried in an oven at 50°C to constant weight. To avoid cross-contamination, carefully grind dried samples with clean grinding tools and store in zip-lock bags with appropriate labels and special codes until further chemical analysis. Experiments with plants (analysis of eggplant fruits) were carried out in accordance with the relevant guidelines and rules.
Soil samples were extracted into 15 ml Teflon (PTFE) containers for total trace element determination following the protocol of Tessier et al.19 with slight adjustments as described by Zakir and Shikazono20. For eggplant fruits, decomposition was carried out in a block cooker (DK 20, VELP Scientifica, Italy) 18 using an acidic mixture (HNO3 and HClO4 in a ratio of 2:1).
Equipped with a highly sensitive background correction system (SHIMADZU, AA-7000, Japan) at the Department of Agrochemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh. Thousands (1000) µg ml-1 of stock solutions supplied by Sigma-Aldrich, USA to prepare a series of standard solutions for all trace metals. The instrument has a minimum detection limit of 0.01 µg g-1 for all trace metals. Details of AAS calibration during operation are given in Table 1 (supplementary). However, the determination of the physical and chemical properties of the soil, i.e. pH, EC and organic carbon (OC) were performed as indicated by Tandon18.
Two (2) Certified Reference Materials (CRMs), namely JSd-1 (river sediment) and 7502-a (white rice flour) were used in this study, and the same procedure was used to determine the levels of various trace elements in CO. The performance of the analytical method evaluated in the statement. Table 1 shows the obtained values and the percentage of their recovery. To minimize digestion errors, blank samples were also prepared in each case. In addition, all manipulations were performed using high-quality analytical reagent (AR) acids (Sigma-Aldrich, USA).
The enrichment factor (EFc) is a widely used metric to measure the degree of variability in soil properties and is calculated as follows:
where (CM/CFe)sample = ratio of metal concentration to Fe content in the soil sample, (CM/CFe)crust = same reference ratio in the earth’s crust. Crustal averages for various metals are taken from Taylor21. Iron was chosen as the base metal because of its ubiquity in the upper crust and strong anchorage. After measurement, soil enrichment levels were classified according to the categories mentioned by Barbieri22.
Use the following equation to estimate the daily intake of micronutrients when eating eggplant with food −
The CDI (mg kg-1 day-1) for micronutrients (mg kg-1 day-1) from dietary intake of eggplant fruit and skin adsorption of these metals in eggplant soil was calculated to measure cancer and non-cancer risk using the US EPA Exposure Model .
Table 2 provides details of the input variables used in the above calculations. However, when calculating the eggplant consumption ratio (BIR), this study accounted for 29.4% of the total post-harvest loss of eggplant, which was subtracted from the total production of 557,787 metric tons24, and the population under 6 years of age was estimated to be 10%. of the total population %25.
Non-cancer human health risks associated with various micronutrients as measured using the following USEPA model23
Among them, HQ is a hazard factor and RfD is a reference dose. However, RfDOral values for various metals were taken from the literature and RfDDermal values were measured according to the USEPA23 derivation method. Table 3 lists RfDOral and RfDDermal values for various micronutrients.
where ABSGI is the proportion of contaminants/poisons absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and values for various micronutrients were taken from USEPA23 and other literature mentioned in Table 3.
The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) was calculated to determine the risk of carcinogenic health effects from micronutrient exposure due to soil adsorption through the skin and oral ingestion of eggplant fruit. The following equations are defined by USEPA23 to calculate ILCR values for various micronutrients.
The oral cancer slope factor (CSFOral) values for Pb, Ni, and Cd were found to be 0.0085, 0.91, and 15.0 mg kg-1 day-129, respectively. On the other hand, CSFDermal values for these metals are calculated according to the USEPA23 derivation method, and the results are shown in Table 3. The calculation of total ILCR takes into account the oral and dermal CDI of these trace elements, and the allowable range is considered to be 1.0 × 10– 6 to 1.0 × 10–4 for one carcinogen 34 .
Data analysis was carried out using the statistical package “P”35. The data were tested for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk method before statistical analysis. To compare the mean values, a non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test was performed. Spearman’s rank correlation method was used to evaluate the correlation between metal concentrations in soils and eggplant fruits grown in the respective soils. In this study, the relational patterns of the datasets were examined using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in Minitab 17 statistical software (Minitab Inc., State College, Pennsylvania, USA).
All studies were carried out in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations for eggplant samples that were collected directly from farmers’ fields in the study area. This article does not contain human or animal studies by any of the authors. Part or all of the manuscript has not been presented anywhere and has not been published anywhere.
Among the physicochemical properties in the upper soil layer (0-15 cm) of the study area, pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and organic carbon (OC) were measured. The calculated pH, EC, and OC values ranged from 5.94 to 6.96, from 72.6 to 276.0 μS cm–1, and from 0.13 to 1.16%, respectively (Table 4). This study revealed a low acidity of the soil, which may be due to the decomposition of plant residues or organic matter, which then forms organic acids36. Among various factors, soil pH is considered to be an important factor, and soil acidity strongly influences the availability of heavy metals37. Similarly, the solubility of various metal compounds depends on the type of metal component, especially in the form of oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, or mineral-bound components, which are highly mobile at acidic soil pH38. The electrical conductivity of the soil is a conditional consequence of its salinity, and according to the results obtained, the soil in the study area can be classified as non-saline (EC ≤ 2000 μS cm-1), i.e. the effect of salinity is insignificant at all sampling points 39. However, Soil OS Another important indicator to control the content of metals, bioavailability and chemical behavior of trace elements. Li et al. 40 reported that soil TC was significantly positively correlated with various metals. Higher OC content in soils indicates that trace elements bind strongly to OC and form metal chelates, resulting in fewer metals for plants41. Thus, it can be concluded that the slightly acidic environment and the relatively low content of organic carbon in the soil in the study area potentially affect the bioavailability of various trace elements.
This study assessed the content of several trace elements in the topsoil (0-15 cm) of agricultural land in the study area of Jamalpur district, which, to our knowledge, is the first reporting area for trace elements in the topsoil of this study. . However, our previous study reported arsenic content in the above area 9. This study showed that the concentrations of Pb, Ni, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in soil vary greatly depending on the sampling location: 9.10–23.66, 14.05–25.08, < 0.01–0.67, 45.76–75.28, 21.67. –48.79, 27126–36304, 406.6–604.0, and 67.49–105.40 μg/g, respectively (Fig. 2 and Table 4). The average content of trace elements in the soil in the study area was Fe>Mn>Zn>Cr>Cu>Ni>Pb>Cd. Among the trace elements studied, the content of nickel, copper, manganese, zinc, and iron in the soil varied significantly between the two plots (Fig. 2). The results of the study showed that Pb (17.80 µg/g), Cd (0.39 µg/g), Cu (37.20 µg/g) and Fe (32,789 µg/g) in the soil of Melandakh Upazila compared to Melandha Upazila. The content was slightly higher in Islampur Upazila (16.20, 0.27, 27.40 and 31,141 µg/g, respectively). On the other hand, the content of Ni, Cr, Zn and Mn in the soils of Islampur Upazila was relatively high (Fig. 2 and Appendix to Table 3), and this slight deviation in the content of trace elements is mainly due to differences in lithological soil formation. . Tagipour et al. 44 also pointed out that at sites with heterogeneous lithology, trace element content can vary widely, and that this diversity is the result of parent material and soil characteristics only. However, according to Moslehuddin et. 0–86.0, 8.5 Variety. -43.3, 9200-47600, 122-590 and 18.9-92.3 µg/g, and in most cases the results of this study were also in these ranges. Rahman et al.46 reported concentrations of Pb, Ni, Cu and Fe in agricultural soils in the Jessore area of 0.26–5.44, 2.41–58.35, 1.71–118.05 and 5900–46,000 µg /g, respectively. Kormoker et al.47 collected farmland soil from 58 locations in Jenaida and Kushtia districts of Bangladesh and the average concentrations of Pb, Ni, Cd, Cr and Cu were 19.20, 21.00, 1.20, 5.78 and 31 .80 µg/g, respectively. On the other hand, Chowdhury et al.48 analyzed 1209 rice soils collected from 57 upazilas (subdivisions) in 17 districts of Bangladesh and found that the mean concentrations of Pb, Ni, Cu, Fe, and Zn were 18.0, 41.0, respectively. for 32.0, 28250 and 70.0 µg/g. For comparison with geochemical background concentrations, mean concentrations of all trace elements studied were below the shale mean49, the reference soil toxicity50 and the recommended soil quality values for Canada51 and the Netherlands52 (Supplement to Table 2). However, the average contents of Pb and Cd in the soils of the study area exceed the average crustal values21 and the reference values of the upper continental crust mentioned by Yaroshevsky53 (Table 2, appendix). In China, Shi et al. 54 divided agricultural soils into five regions and reported Pb concentrations above national soil background values. They also concluded that lead was introduced into agricultural soils from external sources associated with human activities. Higher levels of lead and cadmium in the soil of the study area can be explained by fluctuations in the concentrations of trace elements in irrigation water and other agricultural practices in this area. In addition, agricultural soils in Bangladesh are contaminated with trace elements due to the frequent use of sewage and other sources for irrigation, as well as the use of inorganic fertilizers and synthetic pesticides13,55. For example, Pb and Cd are present in irrigation water56 and Cd is present in phosphate fertilizers as it is a contaminant of all phosphate rocks57.
Trace element concentrations in various agricultural soils in the Islampur and Melandha Upazila eggplant growing areas in Jamalpur district, Bangladesh. The bottom and top of the box represent the 25th and 75th percentiles, respectively, while the colored (blue or red) horizontal line inside the box represents the median and the black line represents the mean. The lower and upper error bars represent the 10th and 90th percentiles, respectively. Data points outside the 10th and 90th percentiles are outliers. p-values are mean comparisons of soil metal concentrations sampled at two study sites (non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test). Single and double asterisks associated with p-values indicate that the means differ at 5% and 1% probability levels, respectively.
On the other hand, the supply of trace elements from the soil to plants is affected not only by the total concentration of metals, but also by other factors58. Thus, a high total trace metal concentration in one location may not pose a hazard compared to a low metal concentration elsewhere. Improved methods for assessing the overall risk of trace elements and hazards in surface soils are still at an early stage of development. Therefore, future research should focus on synchronizing soil physicochemical parameters with plant genomics to reveal the disadvantages of topsoil contamination with microelements in agricultural land for global comparisons.
The content of Pb, Ni, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in eggplant fruits collected in the study area of Jamalpur ranged from 0.204–0.729, 0.031–0.212, <0.010–0.061, 1.819–2.668, 3.267–5.910. , <0.010–0.866 and 2.160–3.846 μg/g with mean values of 0.431, 0.115, 0.018, 2.189, 4.673, 0.231, and 2.685 μg/g, respectively (Fig. 3 and Table 4). The results of the study showed that all eggplant fruits collected in the study area contained a small amount (< 0.010 µg/g) of chromium. Similarly, 60% (44.4% and 88.8% of samples from Melandakh and Islampur Upazila, respectively) and 15% (all from Islampur Upazila) also contained minor amounts of Cd and Mn (< 0.010 µg/g), respectively (Table 1). 4 addendum). In terms of Ni, Cd, Cu, Mn and Fe content, significant differences were observed between eggplant fruit samples collected from Melandah upazila in Islampur and Jamalpur districts (Figure 3). The order of the average concentration of trace elements in eggplant fruits: Fe>Zn>Cu>Pb>Mn>Ni>Cd>Cr. To date, to our knowledge, there are no studies reporting the harvesting of eggplant fruits directly from growers/farmers in known eggplant growing regions in Bangladesh. Most previous studies have collected eggplants from different markets (at the retailer level)59,60 and/or samples grown in contaminated areas17,55,61 so Pb, Cd, Cu, Pb, Cd, Cu, Ni, Cr and Zn. studying. However, higher levels of toxic metals (Pb, Cd and Ni) were found in some samples, which may be due to the abuse of pesticides containing toxic metals during eggplant fruiting. Gimeno-Garcia et al.62 reported that inorganic fertilizers and pesticides contain a wide variety of trace elements including Pb, Cd and Ni. Eggplant growers in my country use various pesticides almost every day from early fruit set to harvest, probably to replenish micronutrients in the fruit63.
Trace element concentrations in eggplant fruits harvested from various agricultural fields in Islampur and Meranda Haupazila, Jamalpur district, Bangladesh. The bottom and top of the box represent the 25th and 75th percentiles, respectively, while the colored (blue or red) horizontal line inside the box represents the median and the black line represents the mean. The lower and upper error bars represent the 10th and 90th percentiles, respectively. Data points outside the 10th and 90th percentiles are outliers. The p-values are mean comparisons of metal concentrations in eggplant taken from two study sites (non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test). Single and double asterisks associated with p-values indicate that the means differ at 5% and 1% probability levels, respectively.
Table 4 shows daily micronutrient intake, RDA values, and tolerable maximum daily intakes (UTIL) of metals from eating eggplant as a vegetable. The National Academies Press has established RDA values for important micronutrients (copper, iron, manganese and zinc)43. However, this study showed only 1.8% of the total recommended daily allowance for copper (for men and women), 0.43% and 0.19% for iron, 0.07% and 0.09% for manganese, and 0.18 % and 0.24% for zinc, respectively, for men. and women. It doesn’t seem to be enough. This finding suggests that the country’s population may be deficient in these important micronutrients. Thus, comprehensive nutrition assessments and human biomonitoring studies are needed in the future to carefully assess whether people in this country are at risk of deficiency or excess of important micronutrients.
On the other hand, for toxic metals (Pb, Cd and Ni), the estimated daily intake was 3.14, 0.13 and 0.84 µg day-1, respectively (Table 4). According to the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, the allowable limits for Pb and Cd in vegetable samples are 0.30 and 0.05 µg g-164, respectively. Taking these values into account, this study showed that 75% and 10% of eggplant fruit samples exceeded the regulatory limits for Pb and Cd, respectively (Supplementary Table 4), potentially causing human health problems. However, when we compared the UTIL for Pb and Cd recommended by AMEC42, eggplant fruit levels were within the normal range (Table 4). On the other hand, the nickel content of eggplant fruit samples was within the acceptable limits set by the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Program (10 µg/g) and UTIL. This finding suggests that eggplant is likely safe for the public in terms of eggplant’s nickel content. However, a more thorough and thorough quantitative study should be carried out, taking into account all stakeholders in the distribution network, as well as the entire diet, in order to determine the actual state of micronutrient deficiency or excess exposure, which will ultimately lead to improved agricultural practices and Bangladeshi food safety.
According to the value of the enrichment factor (KFk), the state of microelement contamination of the arable soil layer of the study area was assessed. The measured values of Pb, Ni, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, and Zn CEF in the arable soil layer of the study area ranged from 1.33–3.79, 0.39–0.67, 0.08–6.81, 0 .94–1.36, 0.61–1.73, 0.66. –1.15 and 1.55–2.44, respectively (Table 5). In general, EFc values less than 1.00 indicate a natural/normal increase in metals, and values greater than 1.00 indicate increased exposure to various human activities. In addition, Zhang and Liu66 reported that EFc = 0.50–1.50 indicates that a significant amount of trace elements in the soil was formed as a result of the geological weathering process, and EFc values of more than 1.50 indicate that a large amount of metals contained as a result of various influences. human activity. Thus, considering the latter category, 100%, 80%, 55%, and 5% of the soils in the study area had EFc values greater than 1.50 for Zn, Pb, Cd, and Cu, respectively, suggesting that trace amounts of these elements in soils of anthropogenic origin. In addition, 70%, 50%, and 25% of the topsoil in the study area had CV values of 2.00–5.00 for Pb, Zn, and Cd, respectively, indicating moderate soil enrichment with these metals. In addition, 30% of the plots had CV values Cd > 5.00, which indicates a significant enrichment of the surface soil layer of the study area with this toxic metal. However, various human activities, such as inorganic fertilizers (eg phosphate fertilizers) and pesticides used on agricultural fields, can enrich soils with Cd, Pb and other trace elements57,62. Therefore, all agro-ecological zones throughout the country must be carefully examined for levels of toxic compounds, especially metals, to help us maintain soil quality and safe agricultural production.
The total content of trace elements in different types of soils in Bangladesh has been extensively studied 10, 11, 45, 46, 47, 61, but the trace elements absorbed by the soil through the skin have been largely ignored. Therefore, one of the main objectives of our study was to assess the non-cancerous and cancer risks from skin exposure to various trace elements in the soil of Jamalpur, Bangladesh. Hazard quotient (HQ) values were used to calculate the non-carcinogenic human health hazard (adult men and women) from skin contact with topsoil and eating eggplant fruit in the study area. A large number of published studies around the world use HQ analysis as a key tool to determine non-cancer risk due to the consumption of foods rich in harmful metals8,26,56,59,61. Average calculated CDIDdermal values for Pb, Ni, Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn and Zn 9.25E-08, 1.14E-08, 1.76E-09, 1.74E-07, 3.42E-07, 1.74E -04, 2.58E-06 and 4.34E-07 mg kg-1 day-1 for adult males and 1.30E-07, 1.59E-08, 2.47E-09, 2.43E- 07, 4.79E-07, 2.44 E females -04, 3.61E-06 and 6.08E-07 mg kg-1 day-1, respectively (Table 6). On the other hand, the average measured values of Pb, Ni, Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn and Zn by HQDermal are 8.57E-05, 1.42E-04, 7.05E-05, 1.45E-05.2. 63. E-02, 4.15E-04, 4.60E-04 and 7.24E-06 for men and 1.20E-04, 1.99E-04, 9.87E-05, 2.03E-05, 3.69E-02, 5.81E- women respectively 04, 6.44E-04 and 1.01E-05. Thus, Table 6 shows that the HQDermal soil trace element values in the study area are below 1.0, indicating that the soil trace element content in the study area in the Jamalpur region is within the allowable range for non-carcinogenic harmful substances. human health problems.
The mean calculated CDIOral values for Pb, Ni, Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn, and Zn were 0.045, 0.012, 0.002, 0.228, 0.000, 0.486, 0.024, and 0.279 mg kg-1 day-1, and 0.063 for males, respectively, 0.017, 0.003, 0.319, 0.000, 0.680, 0.034, and 0.391 mg/kg-1 day-1 females, respectively (Table 7). The average calculated HQOral values for Pb, Ni, Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn and Zn were 12.81, 0.60, 1.88, 5.69, 0.00, 0.69, 0.17 and 0 .93 and 17.94, 0.84, 2.64, 7.97. , 0.00 for men, respectively, 0.97, 0.24, and 1.30 for women, respectively (Table 7). The results showed a non-carcinogenic risk (HQOral) of lead and copper for both men and women due to dietary intake of all samples in the study area (HQOral > 1.00). Similarly, HQOral zinc calculations for women in all samples were also >1.00 and therefore harmful to humans. In addition, it can be concluded from the study that in 40% of the farmer field samples, the calculated HQOral values for Cd were > 1.00 in both males and females, and in 35% and 50% of the samples, the HQOral values for Ni and Fe only in females were > 1.00 and therefore harmful to humans (Table 9, Appendix). On the other hand, a calculated HQOral < 1.00 indicates that the micronutrient content of these samples is below the non-carcinogenic risk threshold. Islam et al. 61 also reported potential non-carcinogenic health risks associated with micronutrients (Cd, Pb, Cr and As) from vegetable consumption. Nearly similar observations have also been reported by Islam et al. 17 . They indicated that the order of uptake of trace elements HQ when eating vegetables with food was as follows: Cd > Cu > As > Pb > Ni > Cr.
Toxic metals (namely lead, cadmium and nickel) have long been known to be human carcinogens. According to Kim et al.67, Cd and Ni are classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as group 1 human carcinogens, while Pb is classified as a probable group 2A human carcinogen. Toxic metals cause oxidative stress, altered gene expression and cell death, which increase the risk of cancer and melanoma67. Estimated lifetime increase in cancer risk (ILCRDermal) due to skin exposure to study area topsoil, Pb, Ni and Cd (ILCRDermal) from 6.03E-10 to 1.57E-09, from 7.49E-07 to 1.34E-06 and 0.00E+00 to 9.36E-07 for males and 8.44E-10 to 2.20E-09, 1.05E-06 to 1.87E-06 and 0 .00E+00 to 1.31E-06 for females, respectively (Table 6). 1.00E-06 A health carcinogenic risk of less than one chance is considered minimal, with values between 1.00E-06 and 1.00E-04 considered acceptable23. However, the calculated ILCRDermal values for Ni (65% and 100% for male and female samples, respectively) and Cd (50% for female samples only) have been shown to be within the range of acceptable carcinogenic risk indices proposed by USEPA. while other values were not less than this range. Thus, this study concluded that the risk of developing cancer due to the absorption of toxic metals by the skin from the soil in the study area was negligible (supplement to tables 6 and 7).
Table 7 presents the calculated ILCROral values for Pb, Ni and Cd obtained from eating aubergines harvested from farmers’ fields. Values ranged from 1.80E-04 to 6.45E-04, from 2.94E-03 to 2.01E-02, and from 0.00E+00 to 9.54E-02, with mean values for men of 3.81E- 04, 1.09E-02, and 2.83E-02, and 2.52E-04 to 9.03E-04, 4.12E-03 to 2.81E-02 and 0.00E+00 to 1.34E- 01, with female averages of 5.34E-04, 1.52E-02, and 3.96E-02. Thus, this study showed that the calculated ILCROral values for Pb and Ni in all samples and Cd in 40% of the samples for both men and women were hundreds of times higher than the threshold values (from 1.00 × 10-6 to 1. 00×10-6). 4) (Table 7 and Appendix 10). Such high ILCR values suggest that consumers in the country who eat eggplant grown in the Jamalpur research area in Bangladesh have a much higher risk of developing cancer. Islam et al. 61 also reported that the possible health risk to Bangladeshi populations from exposure to arsenic and lead from dietary vegetables should not be ignored, and that the population is at risk of cancer. As mentioned earlier, the application of various synthetics, irrigation water, chemical fertilizers and pesticides can be the source of these toxic metals in eggplant fruits, which is consistent with the observations of Ahmad and Goni55. In addition, they concluded that long-term consumption of this metal-contaminated vegetable can cause thalassemia, dermatitis, brain and kidney damage, and even cancer in humans.
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) allows us to infer how certain variables characterize target substances and determine their associations68. PCA also calculates structural relationships in the data by defining additional hypothetical variables (principal components, PCs) that take into account as many variations (or correlations) as possible within the cube. This approach facilitates the identification of variable groupings based on sample categories based on weight and quantification (eg trace elements in vegetables and soil)69.
PCA for the determination of trace elements in eggplant and soil. Figure 4 and Table 11 (optional) show load plots of PCA results for various variables along with their analysis of data characteristics. On fig. 4, the length of each eigenvector is proportional to the variation of these independent factors, and the angle between the eigenvectors is the correlation between the soil and eggplant variables. In the figure, the groups of colored circles for soil and eggplant characteristics represented by I, II, III and IV show a significant positive correlation. Strong positive correlations were observed for soil and eggplant with Cu (first group), Cd and Zn (second group), Ni (third group) and Pb (fourth group). This positive correlation indicated that these metals accumulated in the eggplant fruits from the soil. However, on the other hand, the content of iron and manganese in eggplant did not match the content in the soil. Interestingly, soil OC, pH, and EC were closely related to soil Fe, Cr, and Ni content. However, only the content of Ni is synchronized in the soil and fruits of eggplants (group III).
Loading a Principal Components Analysis (PCA) result plot showing eggplant fruit (blue line) and soil (red dotted line) parameters. In the plot, the length of each eigenvector is proportional to the variance of the data for that variable. The angle between the eigenvectors indicates the correlation between different variables. The groups of variable colored circles represented by I, II, III and IV show a strong positive correlation with each other.
In general, Cd and Zn exhibit antagonistic behavior when taken up by plants. However, higher levels of zinc and cadmium impurities have been reported in phosphate fertilizers62, and commercial and regular sales of zinc fertilizers have also contained significant amounts of cadmium contaminants70. In this study, soil Cd levels were positively correlated with soil Zn (Group II). Metals such as Ni, Fe and Cr in soil are closely associated with soil organic carbon (OC), and soil organic matter may be the main source of release of these micronutrients from soil. The PCA results indicated that soil trace element content was an important source of these elements (ie Pb, Cd, Ni and Cu) for eggplant. Therefore, further precise studies are needed to limit the various types of agricultural inputs used, especially toxic elements in organic and inorganic fertilizers, irrigation water and pesticides, to ensure soil quality and safe agricultural production.
Contamination of food products with various toxic micronutrients is a worldwide concern, including in Bangladesh. Our current study examined the total trace element content of the topsoil and fruit of aubergines harvested from an aubergine production hotspot in Bangladesh (eg Jamalpur district). The results of the study indicate that the use of various synthetic materials such as inorganic fertilizers and pesticides, as well as fertilizers and irrigation water, can be the cause of toxic elements in eggplant fruits, which needs to be confirmed by extensive studies. Thus, regular monitoring of trace elements in vegetables and other natural objects is necessary to identify sources of pollution, as well as to prevent or reduce exposure of plants (and humans) to excess of these pollutants. In addition, our results also indicate that toxic metals deposited in the soil are an important source of these elements accumulated in eggplant. Thus, the uncertain entry point of this toxic element into the vegetable supply chain should indeed be seen as a major impediment to food safety in Bangladesh. In addition, a comprehensive assessment should be carried out to confirm that the micronutrient content of other vegetables and grains can accumulate harmful elements faster than eggplant.
Data supporting the results of this study are available from the respective author upon request.
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Post time: Jan-06-2023